Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has fled the country after a stunning offensive by rebels who seized the capital city of Damascus and toppled the dynasty that had ruled for 50 years.
Amid scenes of jubilation on Sunday, the rebels proclaimed that “the city of Damascus is free from the tyrant Bashar al-Assad” and that “Assad has fled” after various factions encircled the capital.
Russia, a longtime backer of the Assad regime, said the Syrian president had resigned, left the country and ordered a peaceful transition of power. Russian state newswire Tass later said he and his family had arrived in Moscow where they had been offered asylum.
“The future is ours,” said Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the leader of the triumphant Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Islamist group, in a statement read out on Syrian state television.
HTS, which was once an affiliate of al-Qaeda, led disparate rebel factions in a lightning 12-day offensive that brought the Assad dynasty to an ignominious end and has shaken the region. Last week the group seized Aleppo, Syria’s second city, within 48 hours before quickly marching south towards the capital.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hailed a “historic day in the annals of the Middle East” but sent tanks and infantry into the demilitarised buffer zone on the Syrian side of the Golan Heights.
Netanyahu said a 1974 ceasefire agreement had “collapsed” after Syrian army units abandoned their positions and Israeli forces needed “to ensure no hostile force embeds itself right next to the border of Israel”.
US president-elect Donald Trump wrote in a social media post: “Russia, led by Vladimir Putin, was not interested in protecting him any longer.” He added: “Russia and Iran are in a weakened state right now, one because of Ukraine and a bad economy, the other because of Israel and its fighting success.”
In Damascus, rebel factions were already attempting to enforce law and order on Sunday, imposing a curfew, warning of legal penalties for theft and errant gunfire, taking over ministries and installing police officers amid widespread looting.
The Financial Times was referred to a new Ministry of Communications building when inquiring about media access to the city after curfew, where rebel media officials had set up shop.
Signalling his efforts to secure an orderly transition, Jolani declared that Syrian state institutions would remain under the supervision of the Assad-appointed prime minister until a handover.
Near the city’s Umayyad square, the streets were littered with thousands of bullet casings — remnants of celebratory gunfire. The sound of artillery shelling and sporadic gunfire could still be heard in central Damascus in the evening.
“I can’t believe it. Everyone is in the street, everyone is shouting,” said Abdallah, a Damascus resident. “It’s something historical. No one has suffered as much as the Syrian people.”
Videos sent to the Financial Times by a Damascus resident showed people inside the presidential palace, rummaging through rooms and smashing pictures of the Assad family.
A man dressed in civilian clothing appeared on Syrian state TV on Sunday morning declaring that the rebels had “liberated” Damascus and released detainees from “regime prisons”.
But while the news sparked celebrations across Syria, it will also usher in a period of huge uncertainty for a nation shattered and fragmented after 13 years of civil war, and for the wider region.
The country borders Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon. HTS has been working with Turkish-backed rebels who operate under the umbrella of the Syrian National Army.
However, Syria is home to myriad factions and the degree of co-ordination between them all is unclear.
Turkey’s foreign minister Hakan Fidan hailed the end of the Assad regime on Sunday, but also warned that Ankara was concerned that “Isis and other terrorist organisations . . . will take advantage of this process”.
An Arab diplomat said regional powers, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Jordan, Russia and Qatar, had agreed to co-ordinate efforts to stabilise the situation.
As rebels entered the palace in Damascus, Syrian Prime Minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali said he was ready to work with any leadership chosen by the people and called for unity.
“We are ready to co-operate and all the properties of the people and the institutions of the Syrian state must be preserved,” he said. “They belong to all Syrians.”
Multiple explosions were heard in the city at about 4:30pm on Sunday, with plumes of black smoke rising above it. At least some of the strikes, whose origins were unknown, hit the Syrian security complex.
Assad, a London-trained eye doctor, had ruled Syria since 2000, when he succeeded his late father Hafez al-Assad. The civil war broke out in 2011 after his forces brutally suppressed a popular uprising.
He managed to cling to power with the backing of Iran and Russia, which provided vital air power. His regime had regained control over most of the country in recent years.
But he presided over a hollowed-out, bankrupt state and even many among his own Alawite community appeared to have given up on the regime after years of conflict and economic hardship.
When HTS mounted its offensive on November 27, regime forces seemed to melt away, while Russia, Iran and Hizbollah, the Lebanese militant movement, were all distracted by their own conflicts.
The rebels’ success is a humiliating blow to Iran, whose support for Assad had given it a “land bridge” across Syria to Lebanon, home to its most important proxy, Hizbollah.
On Sunday, Iran’s foreign ministry urged respect for Syria’s “territorial integrity” and called for “an immediate end to military conflicts” in the Arab state.
It is also a setback for Russia, which gained access to air and naval bases on the Mediterranean after intervening in the war in 2015.
On Sunday, Russia said its military bases in Syria were “on high alert”. Moscow spoke of “no serious threat to their security”, but Russian military bloggers said it was preparing to evacuate its Khmeimim air base and its naval base in Tartus.
John Foreman, a former UK defence attaché in Moscow, said the bases’ loss would be “a major strategic reversal” for Russia and without them it would be “harder for the Russian navy to maintain an enduring maritime presence in the Mediterranean or Red Sea to challenge Nato”.
Additional reporting by Max Seddon in Berlin, John Paul Rathbone in London and Neri Zilber in Tel Aviv
Cartography by Steven Bernard